Indexing

Abstract: Novel is probably an outcome of western culture and custom. Its arrival in India has taken its shape in different forms. Indo-English novels of the early nineteenth century have portrayal of male characters as stereotyped. Perhaps the societal influences made men and women writers to pen the suppression of women in their writings. A handful of women writers’ like Shashi Deshpande, Anita Desai, Shobha De, Namitha Gokhlae, and Kamala Markandaya gave voice for women’s inner struggles.  These women novelists have incorporated the recurring female experiences in their writings. They tried to create awareness through their writings, which brought reformation, and it echoed over time.  Issues on women are still prevailing everywhere. Ostensibly, every writer focuses women on asserting her rights.

Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.

Abstract: The study examines the relationship of the discipline of Geography with conceptual terms of Environment and society. Geography is seen as a spatial science, majorly concerned with spatial analysis, of how and why things differ from place to place and how observable spatial pattern evolved through time on the surface of the earth. The study adopts a survey of literature as its methodology. It is observable that every society has its individual physical and cultural attributes that distinguishing it from other societies; thus giving it unique character, potential and location. And it is found that in society cultural traits are more pronounced in changing the natural phenomena of the environment. The Environment is better understood when broken  to its component:  atmosphere, hydrosphere lithosphere and biosphere. Environment has all that is needed to sustain the society and all that is required for life sustenance. It provides the setting with which human action occurs, its shapes but not dictate, how people live in the society as well as their resource base. However, how resources are perceived and utilized is culturally conditioned in society. And virtually every human activity leaves its imprint on the environment. Environment and society form the laboratory for geographic operation. And its spheres form the space which is the major concern in geography and the concept of society introduces the important factor of culture which greatly has direct impact on the environment. The socio-cultural content of the society is influenced by the environment where it locates and the society modifies the content of the environment. There are interconnection between the environment and society which purposely produces spatial patterns with their hidden mechanism of spatial process, accessibility and connectively in addition to idea of location and distance. Advance level of interaction has produced globalization which has accelerated greater spatial diffusion of idea and material resources in the world. The major role of geography is to ensure harmonious spatial organization and inter relationship between and among societies on one hand and between society and its environment on the other. Thus, this is being pursued in geography through its traditions: Earth science, cultural-environment, the location (space), the areal analysis and various paradigms and spatial techniques. It is therefore recommended that for speedy development in developing nations particularly at combating the myriad of environmental challenges and appropriate exploitation and utilization of environmental resources, the spatial tool should be adopted as contained in the discipline of Geography.

Abstract: In today’s world, marital failure, divorce rates and illegitimate births are increasing at an alarming rate. Crimes, drugs, poverty and sexually transmitted diseases are rooted in the breakdown of the family. Good families produce good citizens, who produce good nations, which ultimately impact upon the world in a good way. Bad families produce deeply troubled citizens who form a deeply troubled nation, hence a deeply troubled world. Family values are essential to build up a peaceful world because family is the first institution where a child is born, grow and learn values. In this respect, religions play a vital role in promoting values or family values which assign rights and responsibilities of family members. Thus, the present study is a different type of study which is a humble endeavor to make a comparative study of the rights and responsibilities of family members in different religions. All religions hold more or less similar ideals regarding rights and responsibilities of family members. Therefore, some hold that ‘all religions are at base but one’. This does not mean that they are altogether similar. They are different in practicing rites and ceremonies but similar in promoting moral values. Though all religions are similar in promoting values, but their expressions are different and unique.

Abstract: Amongst the lasting challenges of development and growth of Nigeria and Nigerians none exceed that of corruption and its control. The paper analysed the basis of corruption as advanced by the revisionist theorists and a realistic overview of the incidence of corruption in Nigeria. Using a conflicting approach, the pepper submits that, revisionists’ belief is an erroneous assumption and a figment of the imagination of the west, which upholds that, corruption is rooted and imbedded in the normative socialisation and the cultural orientation of Africans. This paper therefore argued critically against this misrepresentation of Africans, particularly Nigerian that it is not just academically misleading but intellectually unsustainable. The paper concludes that the emergence and spread of corruption is traced to the economic philosophy of capitalism which encourages and promotes indiscriminate capital accumulation for not just recognition but tenacious oppressive tendencies. There is need for a more robust academic approach in the assessment and analysis of the socio-political and economic challenges of any society for a realistic conclusion. Secondly, consideration should be given to the African writers who live and study the environmental challenges of the affected societies for first hand and unbiased findings.     

Abstract: Examination malpractice has become one of the most serious problem threatening our education system at all levels of learning irrespective of the institution status, level or location. For a long time examinations have witnessed increased and sophisticated incidents of examination malpractices. The problem is so alarming that all stakeholders in the educational systems all over the world have expressed serious concerns about it and need to find solution to it. The purpose of this study was to establish teachers’ working conditions influence on examination malpractices in KCSE examinations in Kisii County selected public secondary schools where the vice has been perennially exhibited. The researcher provided background information on the roles of teachers in examination process and how teacher factors as the independent variables can be manipulated to curb examination malpractices. This study reviewed relevant literature based on the variables guided by the research questions in line with their study objectives. The research analyzed the influence of teachers’ working conditions ,teachers’ roles in the examination process and the challenges teachers are faced with in curbing examination malpractices as dependent variables and illustrated in the conceptual framework and related literature provided. The target population constituted 15 Principals, 15 Deputy Principals, 15Examination Masters and 3 District Examination Officers. Saturated sampling was used to obtain the sample which is equal to the target population. Causal comparative Ex post facto research design was used. Questionnaires and interview schedules which were subjected to expert judgement and pilot tested for validity and reliability were used as research instruments. Statistical analysis was done to generate frequencies and percentages. The study recommended promoting teachers’ morale in terms of remuneration, better working conditions, provision of adequate and relevant educational/ teaching and learning facilities. The study also recommended full implementation of examination regulations and policies without partiality and further research on the role of other stakeholders in curbing examination malpractices.

Abstract: Civility is the language of decency, moderation, honesty, truthfulness, justice, equity, tolerance, mutual understanding, dialogue and mutual responsibility for the development of any society. There are other associated values and virtues, which are imbedded in the cultivation of civility in a polity such as patience and forgiveness. On the other hand, it renounces violence, coercion, destruction of life and property, as well as fanaticism and barbarism in every aspect of societal life. It denounces corruption and disorder. In fact, civility is antithetical to anarchy and lawlessness. But the reality of the Nigerian society manifests a total opposition to all the aforementioned virtues towards development and progress, especially with the current threats of Boko Haram and other political manipulations of the economy. It is in the light of this fact that the paper considers various acts of fanaticism and barbarism inflicted on the country, thus, challenging the sustainability of Nigeria as a nation.    

Abstract: Daily experiences with corruption were narrated with a pronounced bias towards the common irritants that the middle and upper strata face. Typically, delays in obtaining passports and business clearances were talked about, not the difficulties with getting names registered on daily muster rolls for the rural employment guarantee programme. The Anna Hazare group’s insistence that its conception of a vertically structured, rigidly hierarchical body was the only way to deal with corruption, generally escaped without serious scrutiny. The Indian scenario of the media and civil society seems hardly – by all accounts, in conformity with the broadly accepted and practiced parameters of a civil society of the developed countries, the western bloc particularly. Yet, there are obvious difficulties, both logical and ethical, in putting down the widening public ferment to media manipulation. People today are stirred up like never before over the quality of governance and willing to express themselves forcefully. And the 24-hour news channels that multiplied over the last half decade provide them with a platform.

Abstract: The Kenya certificate of pimary education (KCPE) is crucial since it is the indicator of a child’s basic education. The objectives of the study were to: determine the effects of enrolment of pupils on KCPE examinations performance, determine the effects of pupil to teacher ratio on KCPE examinations performance, find out the effects of pupil to textbook ratio on KCPE examinations performance, determine whether there is any significant improvement of KCPE in public primary schools of Kemera Division after the introduction of FPE using a chi square analysis and find out the effects of physical facilities on KCPE examinations performance in public primary schools. The literature was reviewed using the sub themes from the objectives. The study used stratified random sampling and descriptive design. The instruments used were questionnaires, interview schedules, focused group discussions and observations checklist. The total target population was 18 primary schools, 8326 pupils, 204 teachers 18 Head teachers, 180 school committee members and 2 education officers. The total population sampled was 372.The target groups from whom data was collected were pupils of class 4-8, teachers, Head teachers, school committee members and educational officers in the Division. The sample size constituted of 250 pupils, 80 teachers, 30 committee members, 10 Head teachers and 2 education officers in the Division .The study found out that enrolment was high, schools had uneven distribution of teachers,  pupil to textbook ratio was inadequate and physical facilities were not enough. Chi square analysis showed no significant improvement in KCPE performance in the schools of the Division after the introduction of FPE. The study recommended that disbursement of funds to be sent in time to cater for high enrolment, Teacher to pupil ratio to be improved, Pupil to textbook ratio to be at 1:1, physical facilities to be improved and these would bring quality education and good KCPE results. The results obtained would be useful in informing policy on the improvement of the KCPE performance in the Division.

Abstract: This essay focuses upon the relation between father and children; school and the children; husband and wife; the owner and the factory workers. Here it is shown how Victorian society had some social barriers between people and materialism collapses human relations. Since the novel written when European Industrialization was at its pinnacle it is studied here how education system, utilitarian philosophy became futile having no human concern. Lastly society and individual’s role has been closely studied.

Abstracts: This research was a reassessment of the level at which one of Kenyan universities have reached in the adoption and integration of Information Communication Technology in their academic programs to enhance teaching and learning practices. The main purpose of this was to investigate the progress in this area since 2009 when I conducted a related research in Moi University in Kenya. It is important to note that this research started by assessing the basics of ICTs adoption in 2009 which included ICT infrastructure, ICT hardware, software & information system, human resource and ICT Security which is always the initiation stage. ICT strategies and ICT plans should be continuously evaluated to align with institutional visions and missions in order to achieve effective use of ICT in their academic programs in preparation for the future human resource in various fields where they will be required to work. This study adopted Descriptive research design as a framework that guided the entire research process. The study was informed greatly by the theory of Marcus theoretical model of adoption and Continuum approach model. The data was collected through observation, the use of questionnaires and interviews. The data collected was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings of this study acts as an ICT needs analysis and it will enable the university and other similar universities in East Africa to enhance acquisition, adoption and integration of ICTs in their academic programs.

Abstract: The community perceptions and the economic ability to make their contributions toward the cost-share project dubbed-predator-proof boma was assessed. The project reinforces the traditional Maasai homestead with recycled plastic poles, twisted chain-links and the flattened drum oils. The fortified home stead (also called predator-proof bomas) are meant to prevent night time predation of livestock by predators, particularly hyena and lions. The study was initiated to give reasons behind the delayed contributions of the community’s 25% cost share, and give recommendations to the implementing organizations Born Free Foundation and Land Rover.  Sixty respondents (30 who had applied and another 30 who had not applied for predator-proof boma) were selected at random and interviewed. The results revealed that 100% of community members applied for PPB because they have either lost their livestock predators or are living in wildlife migratory corridors with possible livestock attack treats; drought had reduced the ‘purchasing power’ of the community, with the market price of livestock going down by about 50%; the community members were comfortable to pay about 17%  of the  total cost of a boma; it would take at least a month for most applicants(62%) to make their cost-share payments,  and 75.56% of the applicants were struggling to raise the cost share amount; about 30% of the community members still required BFF to talk to them about benefits of adopting the plastic recycled posts and PPBs in reducing livestock predation; 20 % also required their boma to be measured to know their cost-share. It was recommended to the management that the cost-share for the community be revised downward, and popularization of newly adopted recycled plastic poles among the community be intensified.

Abstract: This Article focused on the challenges of workplace conflict affecting performance of diplomats and consular staff at the Kenyan Embassy in the United States of America. Statement of the problem is the under-performance of the diplomats and consular staff at the Kenyan Embassy in the United States of America. The general objective revolved around challenges of workplace conflict affecting performance of Kenyan diplomats and consular staff in the United States of America.  An evaluation of the extent to which the diplomats are satisfied with their work related aspects, workplace issues are of great interest since most people spend a third of their adult lives at work. Work defines people in the most basic way, which is one reason retirement is so difficult for many people. Regarding the scope, the study covered the Embassy in Washington D.C. in the United States of America. In order to enhance the performance of diplomats and consular staff in the USA, their work place has to be re-looked at and be improved.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to identify international personnel administration, with particular reference to officials employed by the United Nations. The study provided a background to the environment, roles, functions, activities and core values of international public officials and reviewed personnel administration. The context of the personnel administration, working conditions and expatriate benefits in the international civil service was provided.

Abstract: This study focused on the challenges of workplace conflict affecting performance of diplomats and consular staff at the Kenyan Embassy in the United States of America. Statement of the problem is the under-performance of the diplomats and consular staff at the Kenyan Embassy in the United States of America. The general objective revolved around challenges of workplace conflict affecting performance of Kenyan diplomats and consular staff in the United States of America.  An evaluation of the extent to which the diplomats are satisfied with the communication channels that are being used to disseminate Government policies to them.  Regarding the scope, the study covered the Embassy in Washington D.C. in the United States of America. In order to enhance the performance of diplomats and consular staff in the USA, Communication channels must be improved in line with recommendations given.

Abstract: Carbon sequestration through forestry can help in the mitigation of global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out this valuable opportunity. Markets for environmental services have been growing in recent years wherein more and more people are willing to pay for benefits such as natural beauty, clean water, biodiversity etc. Carbon sequestration constitutes an important segment of this market. The study focused on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of carbon project implemented in Humbo district SNNPR, Ethiopia. 

Abstract: Obstetric fistula is a childbirth injury associated with prolonged obstructed labour and is characterized by continuous leakage of urine and/or stool through the birth canal. Women living with fistula are often neglected by their spouse and family and many are ostracized by their community because of the smell and the myths associated with the condition. Women living with fistula often live in remote areas with weak health systems, making physical screening of all potential cases costly and logistically challenging.  OF-COMBAT is an enhanced verbal screening tool that was developed to overcome this limitation. The tool was designed to minimize the number of clients referred to treatment centres with conditions other than obstetric fistula. OF-COMBAT helps health facilities to minimize the screening resources required and improves efficiency and cost-effectiveness of fistula programs by limiting transport and logistics costs for ineligible clients. Importantly, the tool enables the woman to receive a tentative diagnosis within the comfort of her home or community before she travels a very long distance, only to at times be turned back because her condition may not be covered through charitable fistula programs. OF-COMBAT is best used by a community outreach worker who has received basic training on verbal screening for fistula. The outreach worker is encouraged to listen to the client’s story before he/she takes the client through the set of up to 27 questions, depending on the type of injury described by the client. The responses are then tallied and rated on the given scale to provide a tentative diagnosis. The OF-COMBAT is unique in that in utilizes a set of confirmatory questions in order to improve the rates of correctly diagnosing a fistula case.  The tool is currently being piloted in Kenya with five outreach organizations implementing the Action On Fistula Project In about 23 counties.

Abstract: Human values were considered the most important in ancient India. This country of rich culture believed to be created by God, has full of values and virtues. Even the battles in India was based on value. The war at kurukshetra was one of the fought at Dharmakshetram. Ancient human society followed certain basic human values in their life. Our Rushis of the ancient starting from Viswamitra to swamy Vivekananda and Sankaracharya to Sivananda taught their diciples morals and human values through their preachings and writings. Ramayana, Mahabharata, Sukaraneeti, Vidura Neeti, Neeti Satakam, Arthasastra of Chanukya and Tirukkural of Tiruvalluar contain morals and human values. Even modern world deals with several human values which includes business values, medical values, professional values, educational values and cyber values etc; according to the present social, cultural, religious and other sources to emphasis to the mankind in various ways.

Abstract: Movements for autonomy have marked the political discourse in North East India for the last decades. While some have resolutely expressed the need for more autonomy within the present set-up, other movements have evolved more militant, secessionist idea of political and geographical demarcation of territory. The aim and purpose of this autonomy movement is not only to bring change in the existing system, but also to augment legitimate expressions of aspirations by the people having a distinct culture, tradition and common pattern of living. The autonomy movement by the tribals of the Karbi Anglong district of Assam state in India is a result of continuous resentment and frustration of the hill tribal people, due to discrimination and oppression by the government of Assam and the plain people of Assam. Although, Autonomous District Council (ADC) existed in Karbi Anglong district since 1952 to give some sort of autonomy to the tribal people to administer themselves and take some developmental steps, much improvement could not be achieved due to limited power of the ADC and the state government’s apathy This very question of identity crisis of the ethnic groups impels them to resort to various sorts of ethnic movements demanding either autonomy or separation from the larger groups. The state of Assam itself has undergone several splits in the post-independence period only to satisfy the ethnic aspirations of the different ethnic groups of the region. As in the other parts of the region, among the Karbis of Karbi Anglong district of Assam, the question of ethnic identity is responsible for the ethnic movements of the Karbis demanding autonomy or statehood at different periods of times in the post-independence period of the country. This paper tries to focus on those aspects of politicization which is playing a pivotal role in making the identity question and also finding out the factors inherited with the autonomy movement among the Karbi community of Assam.

Abstract: Religion and Politics play very important roles in the life of every individual and society, directly or indirectly, willingly or unwillingly. This is an indication that both are inevitable aspects of human existence. In the course of human history, however, there have been exaggerations of their influence in the polity. Sometimes, these roles have been translated into fundamentalism, violence, and fanaticism. Examples abound, and I like to use two countries to buttress my argument in this paper: the wrong interpretation and application of religion and politics in Egypt (where I lived and studied for two years, 2006-2008) and Nigeria where I am born and bred. It is a glaring fact that in Africa and in Nigeria particularly, Christianity and Islam have shown various faces of the above-mentioned ‘translations’ associated with religion and politics. Sometimes, they have allowed themselves to produce religious and political disorders – a complete opposite of what they are supposed to achieve in human society. It is my intention in this paper to consider the role of a particular group called the ‘Muslim Brotherhood’ in shaping the religious and political history of an African country called Egypt, and to use the development and possible misuse of the same and similar group in Nigeria to remind the citizenry of the dangers of religious extremism in the practice of democracy in a secular state. In the light of this, one cannot but mention the most recent ugly incident perpetrated by the Boko Haram sect in Northern Nigeria since 2009. It would therefore not be an exaggeration to maintain that if Boko Haram was a Brotherhood, it was simply an anomaly. At best, one can refer to it as a secret cult, detrimental to both religion and society. The world has witnessed its havoc in the last six years. Thus, it is my candid opinion that honest and genuine co-existence rooted in love and mutual acceptance of one another would enhance progress and development in Nigeria, and in the world as a whole. The globalized world cannot but co-operate to eradicate religious violence and fanaticism. 

Abstract: Health, as we all think is a state of feeling well and not being ill. The concept of health varies across time and place.  Historically and culturally, there have been many attempts to define health. Though the World Health Organization’s definition is accepted globally as the standard definition of health, it is found that the concept of health is associated with several components. The objective of this study is to define health through a holistic and integrative approach. An extensive review is done to give an integrated definition to the term health. After reviewing several definitions and theories of health, it is defined as a complete physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing across the life span right from the conception till the end of life filled with three gunas and covered by four ecological nested systems overflowing with energy, life and productivity without any infirmity. 

Abstract: Eventual development of the society at large depends on proper organization and direction of human factors with a view to promoting set goals. This underscores the fact that of all resources required for the advancement and promotion of public administration viz: capital resources, natural resources, material resources and technology. This study finds out that the most effective resources is that of human factor. The study employs the use of secondary source of data collection solely to drive home its argument.

Abstract: Having had a history of excellent academic performance before, it is possible that Mathira constituency can redeem its former standard to be the “place of education” that it was in the 1970’s to 1990’s. The general objective of this study was to assess the role of school alumni engagement in harnessing education development in Kenya by focusing on Mathira constituency in Nyeri County. The study sought to assess how engaging school alumni in mentorship programs, funding of school activities and engagement in school governance as well as performance monitoring influences this effort. The literature review focused on the views and opinions from other authors and previous studies undertaken on this topic. Descriptive research method was used in this study. The target population was 471 teachers, 1942 students (class 8 and form four), 993 alumni of 22 public schools in Mathira constituency between July and August 2015. The study also included the ministry of education officials and other education stakeholders in the area. Stratified random sampling was used to select the sample size of 346 respondents. Primary data was collected by use of semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data on the performance of schools was obtained from the ministry of education offices in the constituency. The collected quantitative data was edited and coded into a statistical package (Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21) for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data. The analyzed data was then presented in tables and figures. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and the results were presented in the form of prose. A multivariate regression analysis was also carried out to determine the relationship between the dependent variable and the four independent variables. The study established that mentorship programs, funding of school activities, alumni engagement in school governance as well as academic performance monitoring, plays a significant role in harnessing education development. The mentorship programs give the students personal confidence to enable them to make credible decisions. The study found that the alumni have a vast knowledge on the background of the institutions and hence can advise a lot on the running of the institutions. The study therefore concludes that public schools in Mathira Constituency should rally for alumni involvement in improving education standards in terms of mentorship, leadership, funding as well academic performance monitoring all of which lead to positive development in education. In addition, school alumni should take it as their responsibility to support their former schools in whichever capacity the felt capable of. The study also recommends that the management of public schools in Mathira Constituency should involve alumni in school governance and management more as these have shown to be valuable assets in guiding the school management teams in terms of the best ways to improve education standards in their schools thus promoting education development.

Abstract: The betel vine (piper betel) is a perennial climber, cultivated for its leaf. In the state of West Bengal  it has been cultivated on an area of around 18690 hectare. Purba   Medinipur has one of highest production of betel vine in West Bengal .In this district, the climber is cultivated in Ramnagar block-1, Ramnagar block-2, Tamluk, Contai-3, Nandakumar etc. This cultivation provides livelihood for numerous families for years. Two major varieties of betel vine grown are namely bangla; haldia etc .Betel vine is considered as highly labour intensive providing employment throughout the year both in the fields of production and marketing. The estimated annual net income of Ramnagar-I andRamnagar-II two blocks is Rs 36600 per 5 decimal lands.
Almost 60% people of these two blocks are engaged as farmers, labours and traders of betel vine. The present study is an attempt to study the cultivation process and market crisis of betel vine in these two blocks.
There is a clear indication that the profitability of crop can be further exported in the interest of the nation but country there is in this district lack of proper facilities of marketing of betel leaves.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide research based information that will improve project implementation in County Governments in Kenya. The data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and documents analysis. The target population was the County Executive Committee Members, the County Representatives and the County Public Service employees. The findings from the analysis show that communication is pillar of projects implementation among the county government. The study therefore recommends that the County Governments should work towards achieving their goals by sharing information with its stakeholders and having clear project mission to promote goals achievement in the projects being undertaken.

Abstract: The concern over the lamentation of several journalists in Nigeria on the poor welfare package given to them, coupled with the observation that so many journalists have resorted to receiving gratification to manipulate news reports so as to make ends meet informed the need for this study. Its objectives were to find out the effect of the staff welfare package on the journalists and to evaluate if whether or not the staff welfare package influences the quality of news reports in Nigeria. The survey research design was used to gather data from respondents of both The Guardian and Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). Some of the findings of this study were that majority of the respondents agreed that journalists had resorted to receiving gratification as a result of their poor pay and that adequate remuneration would give more balance and objectivity in news reporting. In conclusion based on the above findings, it can be said that journalists have a depleted perception towards their welfare packages. This research recommends after an intensive study that media owners should not stop at fulfilling its duties which is to motivate journalists through good and attractive welfare packages, so that this packages would encourage and drive them to stay on the side of truth, objective news reporting, fairness and give them courage to practice investigative journalism even in the face of intimidation and attacks.

Abstract: The May 2015 pulsating development in South Africa’s international legal history has shown the world that for almost all African states, signing and ratifying statutes is one thing, and implementation is another.  South Africa was the last state standing, all international hopes being on South Africa that the  government would arrest Omar al Bashir if he sets foot in that country.  Other African states that are signatories and ratifiers of the Rome Statute had flinched from arresting and surrendering Bashir to the International Criminal Court, such as Chad, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Malawi and Kenya.  South Africa, which is regarded as a mature and stable democracy in Africa, astonishingly followed the African Union’s unity in defiance action by surreptitiously letting Omar al Bashir off the legal apocalyptic hook, violating its municipal and international legal provisions.  Considering that the African Union had openly disassociated itself from the International Criminal Court, and South Africa speaking louder with actions rather than words, this paper moves that South Africa’s defiant action finally exposed Africa’s legal decadence and constituted a dreadful miscarriage of international justice. Politically, what the South African government did was commendable, but legally the government violated its municipal and international law provisions. This action has also finally led to the death of the International Criminal Court in Africa.

Abstract: Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) is defined as the voluntary, pro-social behaviour of an individual which is not formally recognized by the reward system however that promotes the effective functioning of the organisation. The research on this concept gained momentum during 1980’s. However, the concept’s origin dates back to Veda era of Indian civilization. Many of the subsets of OCB like altruism, civic virtue are explained long before in Indian scriptures. The paper aims at finding a link between the revealed concept of OCB and the Indian management thoughts and practices.

Abstract: Motivation of employees has always been quantified in financial attributes. For productivity to occur then there is need for using non-financial motivational initiatives. The banking industry has produced best trading results although characterized by lack of flexibility, high work pressure and longer working hours. This study purposed to analyze the role of motivational initiatives on employee productivity with specific reference to commercial banks in Bungoma County. The study was guided by the objective:  to establish the role of Work life balance on employee productivity. The study adopted a survey design with a focus on 536 bank employees drawn from the different job cadres. A sample size of 229 was obtained using Yamane’s formula. Stratified sampling technique was employed with six strata’s obtained from six job cadres from top management to clerical staff. Structured questionnaires were the main data collection tools upon which analysis was undertaken using Statistical Program for Social Scientist (SPSS) where descriptive and inferential statistics was applied and thereafter presentations of findings was done using tables. The findings of the study indicated that effective work life balance leads to employee productivity r= .538 which was significant at p (0.00) < α (0.05). The study concluded that the non-financial motivation strategies influence employee productivity in commercial banks. The study recommends use of surveys and other evaluation methods to better understand the different needs of different employees to enable provision of customized work life balance.

Abstract: Everyone’s life is shaped by many kinds of external factors. But the one external factor, the patriarchal system has become such an important fact/ part of human life that human has forgotten his real existence in this world.  Shashi Deshpande is renowned novelist in Indian Writing in English. She has discovered the real life behind the curtain of patriarchal society. She has described the human life in patriarchal society in many of her novels. Deshpande has described the human’s life’s main issues like profession, marriage, education etc. She has described how patriarchal structure affects human’s humanity and makes him/her the cultural product. The present paper makes a study of the human life in the patriarchal society in Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Terror and A Matter of Time. This paper highlights the clash between modern and traditional life in the patriarchal society.